It Identified That the Independent Directors with the Financial

Question: Examine about Identified That the Independent Directors with the Financial? Answer: Introducation: It is recognized that the free executives with the budgetary experience are critical for the review council as the advantage is related with the decrease of the winning repetition. Further, the autonomy of the review council lessens the intermediary for the administration of income just as the strange accumulations. Besides, it is discovered that the advantage of independency isn't acquired where all the chiefs are autonomous, however it is gotten where dominant part of the individuals from advisory group are free. Further, if the part has understanding of fund and bookkeeping, he will have the option to play out his undertaking all the more effectively by utilizing his experience, aptitudes and information (Plastow, Gallery, 2012). The review advisory group of GrainCorp was set up to help the board for satisfying their duties with respect to the inside control and budgetary announcing. They are further answerable for the system of monetary detailing, interior control strategy, dealing with the money related dangers and oversee the freedom, execution, inclusion, forms identified with the outer just as the inner elements of the inspectors. The board review council of GBC incorporates greater part of free executives and includes at any rate 1 part who is having the proper capability of account, at every possible opportunity. Each part has the necessary experience and aptitudes that is appropriate for the matter of the organization. Further, the executive of the leading body of board review advisory group is an autonomous chief and he isn't the administrator of the board. The BAC meets with the outer examiner in any event two times every year and at any rate once every year with the inside evaluator. Further, they meet with the tax collection consultant of the organization at any rate once in a year. The BAC is liable for the accompanying: Report to the board normally with respect to the exercises of BAC and making proper suggestions Break down whether the administration is applying legitimate inward control or not Get a reasonable thought regarding the money related status of the business Survey the yearly and half-yearly explanations of back and decide if they are finished in all regard Reference Plastow, K., Gallery, G., Gallery, N. (2012). On the viability of key corporate administration proposals in mid-level organizations: window-dressing or worth adding?.Proceedings of the 2012 Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, 1-29

Compare and contrast Liberalism and Marxism, in regard to the theme of Essay

Look into Liberalism and Marxism, concerning the subject of Freedom and Equality - Essay Example That implies that, the dissidents pushed for restricted state mediation on issues with respect to the monetary arrangement of a nation. Marxism is a belief system created by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. In this belief system, the two students of history guarantee that each individual is qualified for appreciate the products of their work, however this doesn't occur particularly in entrepreneur financial frameworks along these lines prompting the arrangement of classes in the general public. With this, the exposition gives a correlation and differentiation on radicalism and Marxism concerning the subject of opportunity and uniformity. As expressed above, progressivism is a political and financial precept, which gives accentuations on the opportunity of people and the need to restrict the forces of the state. Nonconformists in the late nineteenth and twentieth century upheld for restricted state mediation on issues with respect to the financial arrangement of the state. They likewis e underscored on making of free human services and free state funded training. After World War II, a traditional liberal position came in bringing about the making of free markets particularly among moderates in the United States of America and Britain. The progressivism social changes concentrated on extending singular rights and lessening disparity (Tucker, 2008). Progressivism is established on thoughts of balance and freedom. Progressivism underpins various thoughts and perspectives, for example, opportunity of exchange, opportunity of religion, social liberties, responsibility for property and opportunity of the press. Radicalism dismissed parts of celestial privileges of the Kings and supreme government. That implies that they dismissed the part of the state authorizing outright capacity to the residents. An extraordinary scholar John Locke established the radicalism as a particular philosophical belief system. As indicated by his belief system John said that, every resident h as an option to life, to claim property and to freedom. He further said that, the legislature ought not damage such rights for their residents, which is as indicated by the implicit understanding. Radicalism upheld for majority rules system and the standard of the law. Popular government viewing the issues, for example, opportunity of articulation that is the reason they pushed for the opportunity of the press. Radicalism planned for ousting the overbearing standard of the administration in this manner ensuring that, vote based system is drilled in all the particular states (Sayer, 2009). Albeit old style preservationist belief system restricted radicalism, progressivism ended up on the triumphant side more often than not in the majority of the states. This shows a great many people pushed for vote based system and dismissed the overbearing principle. The vast majority of the states embraced John’s belief system. For example in the United States of America, their presentation of autonomy expressed that, all men were made similarly and supplied by their maker with various rights which are quest for joy, life and freedom along these lines reverberating John’s belief system of freedom, life and individual responsibility for. Furthermore, history records that, with John’s belief system on freedom, the French insurgency ousted the innate type of administration and pushed for brotherhood, balance and freedom (Friedman, 2008). By doing as such and receiving John’s motto of fairness and freedom, they were allowed widespread male testimonial whereby any man could remain as a political race applicant during the decisions and the inherited type of administration was discarded which came about to tyranny. In the nineteenth century, progressivism concentrated on a world liberated from government mediation particularly in the financial division. Dissidents

10 Benefits of Grapefruit (Based on Scientific Studies)

10 Benefits of Grapefruit (Based on Scientific Studies) The grapefruit is a tropical citrus fruit that can either be white, yellow or pink in color.The fruit originated from South America and is actually a cross between an orange and a pomelo.It was named grapefruit because the plant produces fruits in a cluster, just like grapes. The fruit has a sweet but somewhat sour taste.Many love it for its sweetness, while some hate the sour taste.The tangy taste can be attributed to its pomelo origins.Despite its conflicting taste, the grapefruit is a very nutritious fruit.The grapefruit is one of the healthiest citrus fruits you will ever eat, and has many powerful health benefits.It is even said to be one of the best foods to eat for breakfast.NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONThe grapefruit is rich in nutrients, antioxidants and fiber. The fruit is probably best known for its high vitamin C content.Ounce for ounce, the grapefruit is the third highest fruit source of vitamin C, coming in just behind oranges and lemons.This water-soluble nutrient is importa nt for your immune system, wound healing, and your metabolism.It also helps efficient communication between various nerves in the body for muscle movement and helps maintain collagen, which is important for your skin and bones.Grapefruit also makes a great snack because it has a very low calorie count (perhaps the lowest among all fruits), which means that you can consume it without worrying about too much calorie intake.According to SparkPeople, 1 cup of grapefruit juice has 69 calories, compared to 85 calories for a similar serving of orange juice. Grapefruit also has a very high water content, with 92% of the fruit being water.This makes good for your overall health.The pink and yellow grapefruit also has a high content of the anti-oxidant lycopene, though the anti-oxidant is missing in the white variety of the fruit.The anti-oxidant lycopene helps fight free radicals within the body and has anti-tumor properties.According to a study conducted by researchers from the Curtin Unive rsity of Technology in Australia, regular consumption of foods rich in lycopene, such as grapefruit and green tea, can lead to an 82% reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer in men.In addition, grapefruit contains a ton of other nutrients, including vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6, vitamin B9 (folate) and vitamin E, as well as choline, zinc, iron, calcium, potassium, phosphorous, manganese and magnesium.The best part of grapefruit is that the fruit can be consumed in a variety of ways.You can eat is as a fruit, you can squeeze it and drink the juice, and you can also get its numerous benefits in the form of grapefruit seed extract.Grapefruit can also be used in fruit medleys, salads, and other recipes.Below are some of the health benefits of this amazing fruit. BENEFIT 1: IT’S GOOD FOR WEIGHT LOSSVarious studies have shown that grapefruit can be very beneficial for people who are trying to lose weight.Various explanations have been put forward to explain how grapefruit helps us lose weight.According to a study published in the American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, grapefruit contains an organic compound known as nootkatone.The study found that nootkatone activates an enzyme known as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).The activation of AMPK encourages the body to increase its energy-producing processes, such as the uptake of glucose.This increases metabolism and contributes to weight loss.The study, which was conducted on animals, demonstrated that regular intake of nootkatone reduced the abdominal fat accumulation and weight gain that is associated with a high fat and high sucrose diet.The study also found that regular intake of nootkatone reduced the development of conditions such as hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia.Other studies conducted on animals have also shown that grapefruit juice is more effective at induc ing weight loss compared to anti-obesity drugs, some of which are associated with unwanted side effects, such as an increased risk of suffering from stroke and heart attack.Aside from the animal studies, various human studies have also shown that grapefruit can help with weight loss.To demonstrate the effects of grapefruit on weight loss, a study published in the Journal of Medical Food placed 91 obese patients on a grapefruit diet and observed its effect on the patient’s body weight and metabolic syndrome.The study found that those who were placed on the grapefruit diet lost more weight compared to those who were placed on a placebo diet.Those who were placed on the grapefruit diet also experienced improved insulin resistance.Apart from the effect of nootkatone, there are several other reasons why grapefruit is considered to be good for weight loss. First, grapefruit is an appetite suppressant. The fruit is a bit big and has a high amount of fiber. Eating the fruit will make you feel full without having to eat much else.Owing to its low calorie count, grapefruit is also a good alternative for satisfying your sugar cravings without adding a lot of calories to your body.Grapefruit is also said to be a negative calorie food. This means that digesting grapefruit requires more calories than the actual calorie content of the fruit, which also contributes to weight loss.BENEFIT 2: IT HELPS BOOST YOUR IMMUNITYRegular consumption of grapefruit can also give a boost to your immune system.Much of grapefruit’s effect on the immune system can be attributed to its high vitamin C content.Vitamin C works as an anti-oxidant and makes your white blood cells more effective in fighting against harmful bacteria and viruses.According to a study conducted by Bayer Consumer Care Ltd, and another conducted by researchers from the University of Helsinki, vitamin C helps much recover from the common cold much faster.Vitamin C has also been shown to provide some protection against m outh and stomach cancers.Owing to its anti-oxidant properties, vitamin C also helps fight free radicals in the body. A high amount of free radicals in the body increases of stroke, heart attack and various cancers.In addition to vitamin C, grapefruit contains several other vitamins and minerals which are also beneficial to our immunity.Grapefruit contains vitamin A, which combats inflammation and helps protect the body from various infections, according to a study conducted by the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Dana Center in Maryland.The fruit also contains various B vitamins as well as minerals such as copper, iron and zinc, all of which help to improve the efficiency of the immune system.These vitamins and minerals are also good for your skin, which is the body’s first fortification against infections.Aside from these minerals, grapefruit is also rich in bioflavonoids. These are chemical compounds that act as anti-oxidants.They also improve blood circul ation, enhance the action of vitamin C, and help protect the body against viruses, allergies and other inflammatory conditions.All this gives a boost to your immune system.BENEFIT 3: IT’S GOOD FOR YOUR SKIN AND HAIRGrapefruit is also good for your skin and hair, which is why you might have noticed that many of the cosmetic and skin cleansing products on the market today have grapefruit as one of their key ingredients.There are several factors that contribute to grapefruit’s positive effect to the skin.First, we have already seen that grapefruit contains copious amounts of vitamin C. Vitamin C is vital for the production of collagen, a natural structural protein that is a major building block of the skin.Collagen helps strengthen your skin and keep it elastic, resulting in a youthful and wrinkle-free appearance. Collagen also helps keep your hair healthy and strong.The pink grapefruit also contains beta-carotene. Beta-carotene acts as an anti-oxidant and helps slow down the aging of the skin cells.It has also been shown to improve hyperpigmentation. Lycopene, another component of grapefruit, is important in protecting the skin against general inflammation and sun-induced damage.Grapefruit also contains salicylic acid, which helps clean the pores of the skin and protect against acne.The vitamin A that is present in grapefruit is good for your hair.Finally, grapefruit also helps in getting rid of cellulite. Grapefruit contains the enzyme bromelain and other skin cleansing agents, which have been shown to help in the breakdown of cellulite.The weight loss properties associated with grapefruit also help reduce cellulite.According to a study published in the International Journal of Science, weigh loss has been found to reduce the severity of cellulite by triggering the retraction of fat globules from the dermis.BENEFIT 4: HELPS PROTECT AGAINST KIDNEY STONESRegular consumption of grapefruit can also protect you from the risk of developing kidney stones.The proce ss of metabolism produces some waste materials, which are normally filtered through the kidneys and then excreted from the body together with urine.Sometimes, these waste materials accumulate within the kidneys and crystallize to form kidney stones.When these stones become too big, they can cause a blockage of the urethra, causing a lot of pain. In extreme cases, medical intervention is required to break up these stones.Fortunately, regular consumption of grapefruit can help protect you from developing kidney stones.In most cases, kidney stones form as a result of the accumulation and crystallization of calcium oxalate within the kidneys.Grapefruit contains citric acid, an organic acid that helps prevent the formation of these stones.Citric acid binds with the calcium and prevents it from forming calcium oxalate crystals. This makes it easier to flush the calcium out of the body.According to an article published in the Korean Journal of Urology, citric acid also prevents the formati on of kidney stones by increasing the volume and PH of urine, creating an environment that is not favorable to their formation.If you want to reduce the likelihood of developing kidney stones, you should get into the habit of drinking up to a liter of grapefruit juice every day.BENEFIT 5: HELPS FIGHT CANCERIn a world where cancer cases have become far too common, it is a bit of a relief to know that you can reduce your risks of suffering from cancer by incorporating grapefruit into your diet.The American Institute for Cancer research has listed grapefruits in their list of foods that fight cancer.A research carried out by the institution on animals and cancer cells found that the phytochemicals limonin and naringenin, both of which are found within the grapefruit, have the ability to reduce the growth of various cancers, including stomach, mouth, colon, breast, lung, and skin cancer.In addition to slowing down the growth, the researchers also noticed that these two grapefruit compou nds increased the rate at which the cancer cells self-destruct.The two compounds decrease inflammation and increase the production of detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase, which inhibit carcinogens.Vitamin C, which is found in abundance within the grapefruit, also helps fight cancer owing to its anti-oxidant properties.Vitamin C combats free radicals within the body and prevents them from making harmful changes to DNA, thereby helping prevent the development of cancerous cells. Vitamin C also helps prevent the development of carcinogens.Aside from vitamin C, there are other nutrients found in grapefruit that also help fight against cancer.The pulp of the grapefruit, as well as other citrus fruits, contains a compound known as glucarates, which has been shown to help prevent the development of breast cancer.The compound lycopene, which we already saw is found in grapefruit, also provides protection against various cancers.The compound cryptoxanthin, also found in gra pefruit, helps suppress free radicals, thereby preventing the development of cancerous cells.Grapefruit contains many other anti-oxidants and phytonutrients that help battle various forms of cancer and other diseases.BENEFIT 6: GRAPEFRUIT IS GOOD FOR YOUR HEARTStudies show that regular consumption of grapefruit is good for your heart, since it helps reduce some of the risk factors associated with heart disease.A study carried out by researchers from the Department of Nutritional Sciences at the University of Arizona found that eating grapefruit three times every day for a period of six weeks led to significant reductions in blood pressure, bad LDL cholesterol levels and total cholesterol levels.These benefits can be attributed to the several important nutrients that grapefruit contains.We saw earlier that grapefruit is rich in potassium.Various studies, including one conducted by researchers from the Purdue University, show that potassium lowers blood pressure and reduces the risk o f suffering from cardiovascular diseases.Merely eating half a grapefruit can provide you with 5% of the potassium your body needs every day.The high fiber content of grapefruit is also good for you heart.According to a paper by researchers from the University of Kentucky, a high intake of fiber is associated with lower levels of cholesterol and lower blood pressure.The high fiber content also helps lower the levels of triglycerides, another form of bad cholesterol.In an animal study conducted by the University of Florida, College of Medicine, a group of animals were fed on a high-calorie diet supplemented with grapefruit, while the other group only ate the high-calorie diet without the grapefruit.At the end of the study, the researchers observed that animals that were not fed with grapefruit experienced 45% narrowing of the arteries, compared to only 24% to those that were fed on grapefruit.Aside from potassium and the high fiber content, the high levels of vitamin C found in grapef ruit also contribute to improved heart health.Vitamin C has been shown to be helpful in the prevention of heart-related conditions and risk factors such as endothelia dysfunction, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, stroke and coronary heart disease.BENEFIT 7: GRAPEFRUIT MAY HELP PREVENT DIABETESDiabetes is caused by insulin resistance, a condition where the cells within the body stop responding to insulin.While insulin plays many roles within the body, its chief role is to regulate the levels of glucose in the bloodstream.After you have a meal, the food is digested and the sugar in the food is converted into glucose and absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to a spike in the glucose levels.In response, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin triggers the uptake of glucose by muscle and fat cells, thereby helping reduce the glucose in the bloodstream to normal levels.Sometimes, however, the body might become resistant to insulin, such that it requires more insuli n to trigger the uptake of glucose by the muscle and fat cells.This overworks the cells of the pancreas and causes them to wear out. Increased levels of insulin and glucose in the blood ultimately result in type 2 diabetes.Fortunately, grapefruit is good for people suffering from insulin resistance and diabetes.One study found that patients who ate half a grapefruit before every meal had significantly lower levels of insulin in the blood and experienced less insulin resistance in comparison to a control group that was not on a grapefruit diet.Grapefruit is also good for diabetics since it is low on the glycemic index.BENEFIT 8: GRAPEFRUIT REDUCES THE RISK OF STROKEA study conducted by the American Heart Association found out that regular consumption of grapefruits leads to a significantly lower risk of suffering from stroke, especially among women.This can be attributed to the high content of flavonoids in grapefruit.Flavonoids have been shown to help reduce the risk of experiencing ischemic strokes.The study, which involved over 69,000 women over a period of 14 years, found that the women who consumed the highest amounts of flavonoid-rich fruits like grapefruit and oranges were 19% less likely to suffer an ischemic stroke compared to those who consumed the lowest amounts.BENEFIT 9: IT HELPS REPAIR DNAIn the recent past, prostate cancer has become the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States.The risk of developing prostate cancer increases as one grows older. This is because, as you grow older, the cells undergo more divisions, which increases the chances of undergoing a DNA mutation.These mutations are what contribute to various cancers, including prostate cancer.The best way of reducing the chances of such cancers developing is to repair DNA and get rid of potentially cancer-causing cell mutations.Fortunately, research shows that grapefruit can help with the repair of DNA and the prevention of potentially cancer-causing mutations, particula rly in the prostate.Grapefruit contains a high concentration of a flavonoid known as naringenin, which facilitates the repair of damaged DNA in human prostate cancer cells.Naringening does this by inducing the production of two enzymes, DNA polymerase beta (DNA poly beta) and 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase.These two enzymes are involved in the repair of DNA during the replication stage.One major problem with prostate cancer is that it initially grows slowly and may remain undetected for a long time.Considering it is the second leading cause of cancer death, it’s wise to take action to protect yourself.Regular consumption of grapefruit is one way of preventing the development and progression of prostate cancer.BENEFIT 10: GRAPEFRUIT MAY SPEED UP HEALING OF WOUNDSIf you suffer an injury, consuming grapefruit can also help you speed up the healing process. You can also use grapefruit to help you in the recovery process after undergoing a surgery.The wound healing properties of grapefru it come from its high abundance of vitamin C. Vitamin C helps in the formation of collagen, the structural protein that forms a major component of connective tissue.Collagen is important in the development of healthy scar tissue. Vitamin C also provides tensile strength to newly formed collagen.This tensile strength is what allows new tissue to stretch without tearing.Additionally, vitamin C provides a boost to the immune system, which is important for patients with open wounds.If you are about to have surgery, you should talk to your doctor before incorporating grapefruit into your diet, since the addition of some minerals and vitamins, including those found in grapefruit, might affect your body’s ability to metabolize certain drugs.WRAPPING UPIf you have been wondering whether grapefruit is good for you, you should go ahead and incorporate the fruit into your diet and enjoy its numerous health benefits.Owing to its high nutrient content and low calorie count, grapefruit is good for weight loss, it boosts your immunity, it enhances your skin and hair, helps protect against kidney stones, fights cancer, it’s good for your heart, it helps prevent diabetes, reduces the risk of stroke, helps repair your DNA and speeds up healing of wounds.If you are yet to, make grapefruit a part of your diet from today and watch your health improve.

Of Mice and Men Essay - 690 Words

Of Mice and Men nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; During the time of the depression, an author by the name of John Steinbeck wrote a novel called Of Mice and Men. The novel’s setting is in Southern California during the same time period. John Steinbeck shows us that friendship is a valuable thing to have in the novel Of Mice and Men. The book expresses how friendship can get you through hard times and help you keep going. Two of the characters in the novel named George and Lennie, have a relationship that describes the perfect friendship in my opinion. They are always there for each other and always have each others back. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George and Lennie and two very different types of people.†¦show more content†¦George also help Lennie get his job on the ranch by using his intelligence and telling the boss,† He can do anything you tell him. He’s a good skinner, he can rassel grain bags, drive a cultivator. He can do anything . Just give him a try.†(22) Lenny also cares a lot about George, George is perceived as Lennie’s role model. He tries to do things just like George and he does whatever George tells him. One time a bunch of people where down by the Sacramento River, and George turned to Lennie and said ,†Jump In.†(40) Lennie didn’t know how to swim and he almost drowned, but he jumped in just because George told him to. â€Å"Lennie coulda bust every bone in† Georges body â€Å" but Lennie never lifted a finger against â€Å" George.(40) Lennie is also very protective of George. One night all the bo ys on the ranch went into town except Lennie and Crooks, a black man who is the stable hand. Crooks wanted to mess with Lennie and asked him what would he do if George got hurt of killed that night. This made Lennie really mad that Crooks would even said that George would get hurt and he told Crooks,†Ain’t nobody goin’ to suppose no hurt to George.†(72)Lennie thinks the world of George and he doesn’t wanted anybody even thinking about hurting George. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The relationship between George and Lennie in the novel Of Mice and Men, shows how a true friendship should go. They were by eachShow MoreRelatedOf Mice and Men1242 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan states that, in the state of nature mans life is nasty, brutish and short. In depression era America, no greater truth could be said. There were millions unemployed, largely unskilled and living on the margins of society. The lowest of the low were the migrant labourers travelling from place to place trying to scratch a living. They often had to travel illegally by freight car with all its consequent dangers. Their life expectancy was low, crimeRead MoreOf Mice and Men961 Words   |  4 PagesPeople have a tendency to lose sight of their goals and dreams. Mentally, people struggle to maintain their sanity in this game of life that has no set of rules. In the book Of Mice and Men, this story portrays the inequality between people’s dreams and what can actually be accomplished. John Steinbeck, the author Of Mice and Men, utilizes his general themes of friendship and loneliness, through his deep characterization and connection between characters i n order to illustrate â€Å"The American dream.† TheRead MoreOf Mice and Men1352 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice and Men Essay - Fate or Choice? Choice is defined by the ‘Shorter Oxford Dictionary’ as; â€Å"The act of choosing; preferential determination between things proposed.† It also states the definition for fate; â€Å"The principle, power, or agency by which events are unalterably predetermined from eternity.† Is our life choice, can we determine our fate by choosing our path or is our destiny determined for us? John Steinbeck puts forward this question in his novella Of Mice and MenRead MoreMice and men1998 Words   |  8 PagesHey this essay is about me not having one and just wanting a free account.GCSE JOHN STEINBECK The first 200 words of this essay... à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿Of Mice and Men Essay à ¢Of Mice and Menà ¢ is the fictional short novel written by John Steinbeck in 1937. Steinbeckà ¢s perspective when writing the novel could be based on the fact that he had once worked on a ranch and had a certain fascination about it. The novel is set in 1930s America and this can be seen as the cause of the very enduring culmination that takesRead MoreOf Mice and Men1006 Words   |  5 Pagesheart of every novel.† In your view, what are the distinctive ideas explored in Of Mice and Men? Explain how these ideas are developed throughout the novel. Themes are integral and fundamental aspects which render the literature valuable. They usually provide insight into the author’s perception and internalisations of the world in which they live. Set in California during the Great Depression, Of Mice and Men, by Steinbeck, illustrates the hardships experienced by individuals as they roamed theRead MoreOF MICE AND MEN1721 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿In the book Of Mice and Men, the single women that appeared in the book resented herself as an object. The statement Women today are more often treated by men as equals rather than objects can be true or false. A man that goes to Gentleman s Cubs every night is a different man that studies at Harvard Law School. A striper is going to be a different person than a CEO of a successful business. It’s all about how you present yourself. In Of Mice and Men, Curley s wife presents herself in a seductiveRead MoreOf Mice and Men1035 Words   |  5 PagesFriendship of George and Lenny The book Of Mice and Men focuses on the friendship of two migrant workers in California at a time when most of the work was done by people and not by machines.  Ã‚  George was a small man who acted worldly and wise.  Ã‚  Lennie was a huge man that had the mind of a child.  Ã‚  Together George and Lennie would bounce from job to job with no money in their pockets and only the dream of someday owning a place of their own to keep them going.  Ã‚  The two men were not able to stay in one placeRead MoreOf Mice and Men547 Words   |  2 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s landmark novel Of Mice and Men is perhaps best known for its revolutionary telling of two characters that are very different, but have come to rely on each other to survive during the Great Depression. The two characters are men named George and Lenny. George is somewhat of an average fellow who has no real special skills or attributes. Lenny is large and abnormally strong, but unfortunately has the mind of a child. Le nnie looks up to George as if he were a role model. This statementRead MoreMice and Men822 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Of Mice and Men† The Great Depression took place in the United States in the 1930s. Northern California, Salinas Valley was affected by the Great Depression. Many farmers lost their properties and were forced to find other work. Banks were forced to foreclose on mortgages’ and had to collect debts. Hundreds of thousands of farmers packed up their families and few belongings, and headed for California. The Great Depression left many people in poverty and caused them to face unpleasant eventsRead MoreOf Mice and Men1171 Words   |  5 PagesOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Q- â€Å"I never seen no piece of jail bait worse than her† what is the reader supposed to think about Curley’s wife? * How is she described by the other characters? * How the author describes her * How she speaks/behaves * Her dreams * Is she the cause of all the trouble Written By Ruqayyah Draey Curley’s wife is not well described and respected by the other characters. She is often looked down upon and discriminated

Henry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience - 1822 Words

Henry David Thoreau, an American essayist, philosopher, and historian around the 1800s, composed â€Å"Civil Disobedience† to uncover the rapid downfall of the American Government. Thoreau highlights â€Å"That Government does best when it does not govern at all†; and when the men are most ready for It, that will be the type of Government they will have, a Government-free one (Thoreau 1). Thoreau expresses his bravery in his writing to bear his nationalistic attitude, showing his hostility towards the American Government during that time; he asserts that the Government, in it’s present state is sinister and corrupted because the Government favors slavery and the Mexican war. Throughout his story â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, Thoreau argues that the American†¦show more content†¦These words indicate his loyal opposition to Nationalism in its present state due to its corruption, which persuades the viable officers to seize their sovereignty so they can use more of their inner voice. Likewise, Thoreau coax his audience to disapprove the Government and its injustices, and by doing that, they shall avoid paying off their expenses to the Government (Thoreau 8). When Thoreau was put in jail for a day for not paying off his poll tax while going to the shoemakers to get a shoe that was mended, he later states that... â€Å"I could not for an instant recognize that my government is the slave’s government also†... Although he found out someone paid off that tax, he never found out who paid it off†¦ Although he objected, the constable insisted on him being released from jail (Thoreau 7). Thoreau coaxed his readers to show some compassion for him and his situation being abused caused by the Government. While he was in jail, he later recollects Martin 3 on the abusive treatment he got from the jail officers and upon his release, he later states â€Å"Under a government which imprisons any unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison† (Thoreau 9). Specifically, he is highly alert about the ways the jail officers treated him as if heShow MoreRelatedHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1124 Words   |  5 Pageseveryone s rights safe, our government is a democracy since we were once under a tyrannical government, and it keeps order. Three famous writers known as Henry David Thoreau with Civil Disobedience, Niccolo Machiavelli with The Qualities of a Prince, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau with The Origin of Civil Society wrote about a civilized society versus a tyrannical government. Sometimes their views agreed with mine and other times they did not. Henry David Thoreau s writing, Civil Disobedience, he explainsRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1123 Words   |  5 Pagessociety, people have always done what they felt to be right. In Henry David Thoreau â€Å"Civil Disobedience†Ã¢â‚¬ ¯he stated â€Å"The only obligation which I have a right to assume, is to do at any time what I think right.† Although doing what you believe to be right may feel right, it’s not always the best decision in all situations. There are many situations where doing what you feel to be right can benefit you, but can affect others negatively. Thoreau believed that following the law, created by most of the peopleRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience933 Words   |  4 PagesIn Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience, he is writing to the American people. He is trying to spark a desire for change, for people to oppose their government without actions. He uses this work to criticize the American institut ion of slavery as well as the Mexican-American War. Thoreau is attempting to convey the importance of listening to one’s conscience over the laws, believing that it is more important to do what they feel is right rather than listen to the laws given by the majority. ThoreauRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, Thoreau makes the claim that the best form of government is a government that doesn’t govern at all. Thoreau’s paper pushes for the people to begin following the will of their conscience rather than blindly and foolishly follow the unjust idea of â€Å"majority rule†. Throughout the paper Thoreau makes a point of stating that â€Å"majority rule† is simply the will of the upper-class being forced into action over the rights and wills of the poorer minority. ThisRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience904 Words   |  4 PagesThe t wo pieces of literature, Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and Harlan Ellison’s â€Å"’Repent, Harlequin!’ Said the Ticktockman†, are two very distinct pieces of literature, but they are also very closely related. The quote is related to the short story because the concept of the quote is exemplified by the story. The machines are the people who conform, the leaders of the state by their heads are the Ticktockman and his staff, and the hero and enemy is Everett C. Marm, who is also knownRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience945 Words   |  4 PagesThoreau’s Civil Disobedience expresses the need to prioritize thoughts and views over the dictates of laws. It attacks the American social policies and government as a slavery and Mexican – American War. Henry David Thoreau’s consistently argued that government rarely proves they’re for the people and obtains its power from the majority because organization, however criticizes the legitimacy of governments viewpoints. Thoreau thoughts were people’s first option is to do what they believe is rightRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience And Machiavelli1360 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States, a democratic society, allows all their citizens to vote. However, despite a system which enables the citizen to be independent, ironically it may sometimes encourage conformity. Both Henry David Thoreau, famous for his discussions on a subject that is a title of his essay Civil Disobedience and Machiavelli, author of The Qualities of the Prince, notice a pattern of conformity in society. When a major voting decision is not supported by a majority, people will often wait rather than advertiseRead MoreHenry David Thoreau s Civil Disobedience And Ralph Waldo Emerson s Self Reliance2846 Words   |  12 Pagesto come. In fact, the transcendentalist movement is still alive in the modern day: as seen in our societies focus on individualism, nature and sensibility. This paper will discuss the ideas of transcendentalism through the work of Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Self Reliance by comparing both works finding similarities and differences between them. To truly understand the most important members of the transcendentalist movement, it is first important to understandRead MoreHenry David Thoreau, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr.s Use of Civil Disobedience562 Words   |  2 Pagesof civil disobedience is the â€Å"refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing concessions from the government.† Men such as Henry David Thoreau, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr. have all used forms of civil disobedience and nonviolent protest to make changes in the world. These changes have made huge impacts on our societies and how we are able to live our everyday lives. Without these three men and their practice of civil disobedienceRead More Henry Thoreau’s Influence on Martin Luther King Jr. Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Thoreau’s Influence on Martin Luther King Jr. Henry David Thoreau was a great American writer, philosopher, and naturalist of the 1800’s who’s writings have influenced many famous leaders in the 20th century, as well as in his own lifetime. Henry David Thoreau was born in Concord, Massachusetts in 1817, where he was later educated at Harvard University. Thoreau was a transcendentalist writer, which means that he believed that intuition and the individual conscience â€Å"transcend† experience

Develop information security awareness Free Essays

Nancy Johnson worked in U.S. Bancorp organization and was fired in April 2002 on the basis of viewing confidential files of the company and some personal files of supervisor Kathy Ashcraft that she was not allowed to view. We will write a custom essay sample on Develop information security awareness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Information security awareness and training program must have following content to make employees aware of the U.S. Bancorp policies and avoid such occurrence in the future. All employees must be well aware of all the policies of an organization governing computer systems, networking, information assessment, privacy and authorization to view any content. All policies must be available on the intranet and/or desktop of an employee. Policies are constantly updated according to the day-to-day needs hence must be read and understood carefully as soon as these are updated. In case an employee is unable to understand anything, he/she must immediately contact his/her supervisor or manager to know about their specific roles and policies elaboration. All computer users of the company must understand that ALL information on the company’s intranet is confidential and valuable asset of a company, which must be accessed on need-to-know basis after obtaining authorization from their manager. All computer users in an organization will have permission to access to the confidential information or other information not relevant to the user on the basis of valid reason and need-to-know basis to perform a particular job. The permission will be limited to time period required to perform that job and the amount of information required. Employees will not share this information with any other of their co-workers within an organization and/or any person outside the organization unless it is needed, specified and authorized to share such information with those who are also authorized to view this information for the time period and authority granted. All employees who work in the Bancorp organization will be abide by all security laws, rules and policies. They must follow these rules and regulations and support their implementation. Employee will report any misuse of such information by any user on the intranet of the company or any external threat, if he/she is informed about it. 2- Information security awareness and training program for probing networks connected to the clients Moulton, a network administrator, tried to port scan illegally for the computer networks of the Defendant’s client. Information security awareness and training program defines following content in order for network administrator to know of policies and rules. The job of a network administrator is to handle all technical issues on the network, manage software, hardware, and administer tools of the network. However, in no way a network administrator will use client’s network resources and private information without any need and authorization. A network administrator must understand this that all network resources on the client’s computer network, data, files are private and confidential and asset to be used by the client only. Network administrator will understand the core concepts, policies and strategies of the security training program. He/she will be abide by all the rules and laws while administrating networking tools. Access to the centrally administered network will be granted on permission with valid reason of a need to have such assessment to perform a particular task. Authentication to use network will be granted with specific user ID and password. User id and password must be changed frequently to maintain high level of security. Network of client’s computer possess valuable and confidential information. Access to this information is not allowed unless the person is authorized to view it. Network administrator will return all valuable material to company upon termination. He will be responsible to dispose of any sensitive information not of any further use. 3-Information security awareness and training program for Information security violation concerns Watkins’ security concerns were regarding use of that confidential information by another employee along with him. Hence he requested State of Tennessee cancellation of the secret code. However, another employee who had access to the information was authorized to do so. Watkins’ plea was rejected by the court. Information security awareness and training program must have following content of security violence. Information security is very important and none can access this information accept those who are authorized to do so. None will be allowed to get this information except solely for company’s business purpose and for processing different tasks. Hence, only â€Å"authorized† persons can access that information with a specific code. Authorized means they’re allowed legally to use this information in one or another form for the benefit of company/people/business/organization. Hence, there is nothing violation of privacy when such confidential information is accessed by the authorized people. However, an authorized person will use that information only for the period of time and to the extent he’s granted permission. Authorized person will not misuse that information for his/her own purpose or in any case will not sell, transfer or damage such information in any circumstances. Misuse of such information may result in revoke of authorization and administration. It can also result in termination from job. Authorized use of such information for the good of company is not a security violation. Security administrator will be in charge of all information and will report any violation by the users. He will keep in check proper protection all confidential data and will be in charge of granting permission to different users to access required information as needed. References Enisa Security awareness. Retrieved from http://www.enisa.europa.eu/doc/pdf/deliverables/enisa_a_users_guide_how_to_raise_IS_awareness.pdf NIST security awareness. Retrieved from http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-50/NIST-SP800-50.pdf How to cite Develop information security awareness, Essay examples

Andy Warhol Lifestory Essay Example For Students

Andy Warhol Lifestory Essay Andrew Warhol was born into a working class family in Forest City, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928. At a young age Andrew and his family moved to Pittsburgh, which would be the city he graduated high school from in SASS_ Stricken at an early age with a rare neurological disorder, the young Andy Warhol found solace and escape in the form of popular celebrity magazines and DC comic books. Imagery he would return to years later. (http:/,away. Overvaluations . Rug/legacy/biography. HTML) Tater graduation Andy Warhol attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University), graduating n June 1949 With a degree in Pictorial Design and dropping the a from his last name. On February 22, 1981 Andy Warhol, a millionaire at the age of 58, died due to complications of a routine gallbladder surgery in New York City. (http://www. Midi. Com/name/nm0912238/bio) When Warhol moved to New York, work came quickly tort him. Within a year to arriving, he garnered top assignments as a commercial artist for a variety of clients including Columbia Records, Glamour magazine, Harper Bazaar, NBC, Tiffany co. , Vogue, and Others. He also designed Window displays for Bobbin Teller and I _ Miller department stores. (http://www_warholfoundationnrg/legacy,biography_HTML)As Whorls fame grew as a graphic artist he turned his passion into painting and drawing during the fifties. It was not until the late sixties and early seventies that Warhol produced some Of his most ironic works. He started painting readily found, mass-produced Objects, drawing on his extensive advertising background. First, his paintings was based on comic strips in the likes of Superman, Popeye, and t. Vow of Coke-Cola bottles. Then his ever-so famous series of Campbell Soup cans came along, long with his famous celebrity portraits of Marilyn Monroe. Elvis and When asked about the impulse to paint Campbell Soup cans, Warhol replied, wanted to paint nothing. Was looking for something that was the essence of nothing, and that was it. Because of such paintings as the Marilyn Monomers and Campbell Soup cans, todays digital photo editing technology has coined the term The Warhol Effect, (http://horticulturalist. Org/legacy/ biography_HTML) In 1963, Warhol began to experiment with film. Some to his first films were captured by a Bole camera which includes: Sleep. Empire. Kiss. ND Blow Job. In the summer of 1966, Whorls film, Chelsea Girls, became the first underground film to be shown at a comme rcial theater. (http://YMMV_Midi. Mom/name/NM912238/bio) The Chelsea Girls was a controversial yet wildly popular film, selling out most of the theaters is played in. When the film played in Boston, the cinema was raided why the vice squad and the manager was found guilty to tour charges obscenity and tinted five hundred dollars for each charge. According to David Cordon, Warhol was delighted as is meant that he would be able to say that the film had been banned in Boston rotationally a publicists dream. When the film was initially released, Newsweek praised it as the Iliad of the underground. Not all of the reviews were so favorable of the film however; for instance, Rexes Reed said, Chelsea Girls is a three and a half hour cesspool of vulgarity and talent less confusion which is about as interesting as the inside of a toilet bowl. (http://www. Biography. Com/ people/Andy-Warhol-9S23875. HTML) Not only being known for his paintings and films, but also for photography, sculpture an d writing. Warhol was an all around artist Of his day. Still to this day people praise him as one of the most well-known artist ever lived. Warhol being a little different in ways and views Of the public lead him into some Of his most wonderful pieces. He wrote scripts for Saturday Night Live and had his on televisions show on MET during the eighties. Warhol modeled in fashion shows and in numerous print and television ads for Sony, Vidal Samson and many other companies. (http://www. Midi. Com/name/nm0912238/bio) When Andy Warhol died unexpectedly on February 22, 1987, he left a vast and complicated inventory of works of art and personal possessions.

Princess Di Essays - Charles, Prince Of Wales,

Princess Di THERE ARE MANY IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN OUR SOCIETY TODAY. FOR EXAMPLE, THERE ARE MOVIE STARS, ATHLEATS, PEOPLE WHO INSPIRE OTHERS, AND PEOPLE WHO HELP OTHERS. ONE PERSON WHO I BELIEVE EXCELLED IN OUR WORLD WAS PRINCESS DIANA. PRINCESS DIANA WAS A LOVING, CARING, AND HELPING WOMEN WHOM A LOT OF PEOPLE ADMIRE. THIS WOMAN CAN BE SEEN AS MANY THINGS SUCH AS A PRINCESS, MOTHER, AND AS DOING ALL SHE CAN DO TO HELP THE NEEDY. DIANA WAS KNOWN FOR HER HELPING, CARING, AND LOVING HEART. DIANA WAS TO MARRY THE PRINCE OF WHALES, ALSO KNOWN AS PRINCE CHARLES. THE DAY THEY MARRIED, PRINCESS DIANA BECAME THE PRINCESS OF WHALES. SHE WENT FROM BEING A SHY YOUNG GIRL TO A RADIANT AND DYNAMIC WOMAN WHO IS DEFINITELY SEEN AROUND THE WORLD. SHE DEDICATED MOST OF HER TIME TO THE PUBLIC HELPING OUT AND MAKING CHANGES. PRINCESS DIANA AND HER HUSBAND PRINCE CHARLES MARRIED IN 1981. ONE YEAR LATER DIANA GAVE BIRTH TO A BOY. THE NAMED HIM PRINCE ARTHUR PHILLIP LOUIS. ABOUT THREE YEARS LATER, THEY HAD ANOTHER BOY. THEY NAMED HIM PRINCE HERRY CHARLES ALBERT DAVID. DIANA LOVED THEM BOTH WITH ALL OF HER HEART. HERRY WAS BORN ON SEPTEMBER 15TH 1984. BOTH SONS WERE BORN IN ST. MARRYS HOSPITAL. English Essays

Romanticism in Art History From 1800-1880

Romanticism in Art History From 1800-1880 Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor in exact truth, but in a way of feeling. Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) Right there, courtesy of Baudelaire, you have the first and largest problem with Romanticism: it is nearly impossible to concisely define what it was. When we talk about Romanticism the Movement, we arent using the root word romance in the sense of hearts and flowers or infatuation. Instead, we use romance in the sense of glorification. Romantic visual and literary artists glorified things ... which takes us to thorny problem number two: the things they glorified were hardly ever physical. They glorified huge, complex concepts such as liberty, survival, ideals, hope, awe, heroism, despair, and the various sensations that nature evokes in humans. All of these are felt- and felt on an individual, highly subjective level. Aside from promoting intangible ideas, Romanticism may also be loosely defined by what it stood against. The movement championed spiritualism over science, instinct over deliberation, nature over industry, democracy over subjugation, and the rusticity over the aristocracy. Again, these are all concepts open to extremely personalized interpretation. How Long Was the Movement? Keep in mind that Romanticism affected literature and music, as well as visual art. The German Sturm und Drang movement (the late 1760s to early 1780s) was predominantly revenge-driven literary and minor-key musically but led to a handful of visual artists painting terrifying scenes. Romantic art truly got underway at the turn of the century and had its greatest number of practitioners for the next 40 years. If you are taking notes, that is an 1800 to 1840 heyday. As with any other movement, though, there were artists who were young when Romanticism was old. Some of them stuck with the movement until their respective ends, while others retained aspects of Romanticism as they moved in new directions. It is not really too much of a stretch to say 1800-1880 and cover all of the hold-outs like Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805-1873). After that point Romantic painting was definitely stone cold dead, even though the movement brought about lasting changes going forward. Emotional Emphasis The paintings of the Romantic period were emotional powder kegs. Artists expressed as much feeling and passion as could be loaded on to a canvas. A landscape had to evoke a mood, a crowd scene had to show expressions on every face, an animal painting had to depict some, preferably majestic, trait of that animal. Even portraits were not totally straightforward representations the sitter would be given eyes meant to be mirrors of the soul, a smile, a grimace, or a certain tilt of the head. With little touches, the artist could portray his subject surrounded by an atmosphere of innocence, madness, virtue, loneliness, altruism or greed. Current Events In addition to the emotionally-charged feelings one got from looking at Romantic paintings, contemporary viewers were usually quite knowledgeable of the story behind the subject matter. Why? Because the artists frequently took their inspiration from current events. For example, when Thà ©odore Gà ©ricault unveiled his gigantic masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa (1818-19), the French public was already well acquainted with the gory details following the 1816 shipwreck of the naval frigate Mà ©duse. Similarly, Eugà ¨ne Delacroix painted Liberty Leading the People (1830) fully aware that every adult in France was already familiar with the July Revolution of 1830. Of course, not every Romantic work related to current events. For those that did, however, the benefits were a receptive, informed viewership, and increased name recognition for their creators. Lack of Unifying Style, Technique, or Subject Matter Romanticism wasnt like Rococo art, in which fashionable, attractive people engaged in fashionable, attractive pastimes while courtly love lurked around every corner and all of these goings-on were captured in a light-hearted, whimsical style. Instead, Romanticism included William Blakes disquieting apparition The Ghost of a Flea (1819-20), sitting in close chronological proximity to John Constables comfortably rural landscape The Hay Wain (1821). Pick a mood, any mood, and there was some Romantic artist that conveyed it on canvas. Romanticism wasnt like Impressionism, where everyone concentrated on painting the effects of light using loose brushwork. Romantic art ranged from the smooth-as-glass, highly-detailed, monumental canvas Death of Sardanapalus (1827) by Eugà ¨ne Delacroix, to J. M. W. Turners indistinct watercolor washes in The Lake of Zug (1843), and everything in between. The technique was all over the map; execution was completely up to the artist. Romanticism wasnt like Dada, whose artists were making specific statements about WWI and/or the pretentious absurdities of the Art World. Romantic artists were apt to make statements about anything (or nothing), dependent on how an individual artist felt about any given topic on any given day. Francisco de Goyas work explored madness and oppression, while Caspar David Friedrich found endless inspiration in moonlight and fog. The will of the Romantic artist had the final say on the subject matter. Influences of Romanticism The most direct influence of Romanticism was Neoclassicism, but there is a twist to this. Romanticism was a type of reaction to Neoclassicism, in that Romantic artists found the rational, mathematical, reasoned elements of classical art (i.e.: the art of Ancient Greece and Rome, by way of the Renaissance) too confining. Not that they didnt borrow heavily from it when it came to things like perspective, proportions, and symmetry. No, the Romantics kept those parts. It was just that they ventured beyond the prevailing Neoclassic sense of calm rationalism to inject a heaping helping of drama. Movements Romanticism Influenced The best example is the American Hudson River School, which got underway in the 1850s. Founder Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, Frederic Edwin Church, et. al., were directly influenced by European Romantic landscapes. Luminism, an offshoot of the Hudson River School, also focused on Romantic landscapes. The Dà ¼sseldorf School, which concentrated on imaginative and allegorical landscapes, was a direct descendant of German Romanticism. Certain Romantic artists made innovations that later movements incorporated as crucial elements. John Constable (1776-1837) had a tendency to use tiny brushstrokes of pure pigments to emphasize dappled light in his landscapes. He discovered that, when viewed from a distance, his dots of color merged. This development was taken up with great enthusiasm by the Barbizon School, the Impressionists, and the Pointillists. Constable and, to a much greater degree, J. M. W. Turner often produced studies and finished works that were abstract art in everything but name. They heavily influenced the first practitioners of modern art beginning with Impressionism which in turn influenced nearly every modernist movement that followed it. Visual Artists Associated With Romanticism Antoine-Louis BaryeWilliam BlakeThà ©odore Chassà ©riauJohn ConstableJohn Sell CotmanJohn Robert CozensEugà ¨ne DelacroixPaul DelarocheAsher Brown DurandCaspar David FriedrichThà ©odore Gà ©ricaultAnne-Louis GirodetThomas GirtinFrancisco de GoyaWilliam Morris HuntEdwin LandseerThomas LawrenceSamuel PalmerPierre-Paul PrudhonFranà §ois RudeJohn RuskinJ. M. W. TurnerHorace VernetFranz Xaver Winterhalter Sources Brown, David Blaney. Romanticism.New York: Phaidon, 2001.Engell, James. The Creative Imagination: Enlightenment to Romanticism.Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981.Honour, Hugh. Romanticism.New York: Fleming Honour Ltd, 1979.Ives, Colta, with Elizabeth E. Barker. Romanticism the School of Nature (exh. cat.).New Haven and New York: Yale University Press and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Due to the expansion in the outlook of the human resource management function of the modern organization, the different perspectives on employment can improve the understanding of HRM practices in modern organizations. Discussion The different perspectives of employment relations are used by industrial relations scholars to project three different frameworks, which view and understand the relations that take place at the work place differently. The different perspectives project workplace relations differently, therefore will interpret different events like conflicts at the work place differently. The role of unions and the regulation of jobs are also projected in a different manner. The pluralist perspective The pluralist perspective views the organization as comprised of different, powerful sub-groups. The different sub-groups are believed to hold legitimate loyalties and as having their own leaders and objectives. More specifically, the perspective points out that the major sub-gr oups that influence the organization are trade unions and its management. The perspective goes ahead to project that the role of the management is less inclined towards exercising control and enforcement; this has resulted from the balancing effect of co-ordination and persuasion throughout the organization. The changing outlook of the management in the human resource management of modern organizations is documented by Armstrong (2012). The book discusses that the HRM function of the modern organization uses co-ordination and persuasion as tools for increasing the participation of employees and for the improvement of work processes coordination (Armstrong, 2012, p. 583). The shift in the outlook of the HRM function of modern shows that the change has resulted from the realization that persuasion and coordination are more effective in improving organizational performance, as compared to the traditional practices of enforcement and exercising absolute control. Through the exploration of the roles of the HRM function of the modern organization, evidence shows that the HRM practices of the function require influencing the employees for success, which could take the form of influencing their decision-making or their thinking about the organization and its goals (Armstrong, 2012, p. 583). Due to that need of persuading the employees, the HRM officers are required to have persuasion skills and excellent case presentation abilities, which enable them to project the vision of the organization into the scope of the employees. Facilitation is very important in enhancing the effectiveness of the HRM function, mainly because it increases the decision-making potential of groups and teams, which is often related to the development of ideas or solutions for organizational problems. The co-donation of organization-wide and group-based discussions is also necessary in increasing the effectiveness of the HR function (Armstrong, 2012, p. 583). This is because the process leads to the development of conclusions that are satisfactory to all members. The pluralist perspective views that trade unions should be allowed to represent employees, and where conflict

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Bibliography Assignment - Essay Example It elaborates on key steps such as peer criticism, observation, instructor guidance and personal experience. I gained access to this source through googlebooks.com, under the search name of informative speech. The book publication delves into three objectives critical in public speaking. This include, educating students on the ethical implications of their word, acknowledging respect to audience diversity and civic life preparation. Furthermore, the book advances advice necessary for effective public speaking and expounds on the logic behind the advice. . I gained access to this source through googlebooks.com, under the search name of informative speech. This book explains on the strategies and process that can be used by students in the process of developing into effective and confident public speakers. It offers a diverse and unique learning style that acknowledges audience diversity, ethical public speaking and taming of communication fear. I gained access to this source through googlebooks.com, under the search name of informative speech. This book highlights and describes the various challenges of effective public speaking such as anxiety. Furthermore, it offers a thorough six step process of â€Å"Speech Planning Action Steps,† designed to prepare students in effective speech delivery. Consequently, the reader is able to attain good grades in public speaking course. . I gained access to this source through googlebooks.com, under the search name of informative

Health inequality and disparity in the US

Health inequality and disparity in the US Today, in our world one of the biggest issues that have risen amongst health care activist in the United States is how health disparity and inequality has affected rural areas and culture. However, it is important to keep in the back of our minds that this is not a problem that only exists in the U.S., it is a worldwide concern. Health disparity is taking an in depth look at the differences in health status between different social groups, gender, race, ethnicity, education, income, disability, and sexual orientation. While on the other hand, health inequalities is taking a look at the unjust and unfair treatment one gets because of their socioeconomic status and demographic area in which they are part of. Having such a wide array of difference in health inequality and disparity is what also contributes to the United States ranking in the bottom of industrialized western nations when it comes to life expectancy rate, and infant mortality rate. Finding ways to close the gap between li fe expectancy from one race to the other may greatly contribute in making the U.S rank as one of the top nations in the western part of the world. One of my main reasons for selecting this topic was because I wanted to take an in depth look through research and studies to find out why health inequality and disparity still exists in a great and rich country like the United States. In addition to that, my second point in selecting this research topic was to find out how there can be equality amongst people living in urban and rural areas in the U.S. when it comes to the area of health care. Even though over the years they have been great improvements and minor changes; there is still more work to be done in order to make health and equality for all. Health should be a right for all, and not a privilege based on whether one lives in a rural or urban area, or whatever socioeconomic status they may have. One should get the rights to have the same privileges. One of the huge differences when looking at health disparity is life expectancy age between white, black, and African males, and black, white, and African American females. For example, the life expectancy for an average white male is 76.7 years old while on the other hand for an African American male the average age of life expectancy is 67.8 years old. Comparing the two ages there is a difference of 8.9 years between a Caucasian, and an African American male. After looking at the difference one may ask themselves these questions: they are all American why can one race live longer than the other? This is a question I have asked myself before, however taking this class through the semester helped me to understand why. Baer mentions, African Americans experience about 67,000 mor e deaths than they would have had their mortality rates been similar to whites. This translates into 2.2 million more years of life lost. One of the main reasons for this is that most Caucasian males live in an urban area with good jobs, good incomes, good health insurance, and access to good doctors, while on the other hand, an African American male living in a rural area does not have access to health insurance, does not have a good job, or does not have access to a family doctor. This may lead to a lot of stress to an individual which may cause different diseases such as chronic heart disease, hypertension-which may lead to stroke, heart attack, and renal failure. This in turn may lead to premature death of an African American male. These results are the same for women also. As stated by, premature mortality (75 years of age) is greater rural residents than among urban residents, and rural-urban mortality differences vary by age. Premature death and mortality is one of the key issues when taking a look at health and inequality in the United States. Nevertheless, another subject to closely examine is how health and diseases are not distributed fairly. Individuals who live in rural areas are more likely to get a disease than one who lives in an urban area. This also contributes to the kind of health individuals may get. For example, diseases like tuberculosis would be common in a rural area because of the life style one may live, the kind of income they may earn, and the health care they may be receive could be totally different than the one they receive in the urban area. According to, (levy and Sidel) The cause of many diseases are complex interplay of multiple factors, many of which are due to social injustice. For instance, Caucasians receive more attention and care when they visit a doctor which may lead to a wide variety of issues. However, the one that stands out the most is because the color of the indi viduals skin, he/she may be looked at differently, or not given the same care a Caucasian would have received. The subject of disparity and inequality does not only stop with adults, it also reaches down to children. Unfortunately it is a subject that affects all ages from infants to adulthood. In some cases there have been findings that when it comes to certain diseases and long term hospitalization, infants whom their parents are of different social class or race are treated differently and are cared about differently than kids that are Caucasian, or not minorities. While doing my research for this project I was amused to find out the inequality and disparity comes down to this level that even infants are cared for differently because they belong to a certain minority group. As I have stressed out in my paper and continue to do so, I really believe that everyone should have equal access to health care regardless of their differences. In one of my articles it takes and in depth look at how childrens asthma hospitalization and urban areas in Texas are different. Grineski mentions, It talks ab out how poor children are dispropriately affected as they have higher asthma prevalence rates (and more servere asthma) than non poor children. I found this to be a very interesting finding that areas where poor children and non- poor children were living would affect their health. This could be because of several reasons, for one it could be because of the demographic area or the type of housing conditions in which these infants live in. All these factors could play a big part in contributing to the findings that kids in rural areas are more probable to get Asthma. However, there are also many other factors that also contribute to health disparities. There are socioeconomic factors that include the individuals race, ethnicity, the kind of education they may have, and the kind of income they earn annually that also contribute to the individuals health. As mentioned earlier, the individuals health may allow him/her to receive a different treatment from another individual whom is of a different race. For example, John, an African American male, goes to see his doctor because he has been coughing for a week and wants to get checked out. Instead of giving John all the different tests, the doctor would just give him medicine and tell him he just has a cold or flu, yet if it is a white male they would probably give him a thorough check up to see what was really wrong with the individual, and then give that person the necessary medication they need. Also, ethnicity brings an additional dimension to health disparity. As mentioned earlier, when it comes to health care for minorities they generally have a harder time getting the kind of care they need, especially ones that live in the rural areas. Baer mentions that, Health disparity research suggests that ethnic minority groups like African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans suffer a triple burden in seeking health care: 1. They are significantly less likely to have health insurance than whites, and so accessing care is a major challenge, and while adequate acute care is hard enough to come by, preventive care is all but impossible for those who are insured The kind of education one has also contributed to the gap between health inequalities between individuals. The more education one has the longer they live, and the healthier life style they have. This is mostly due to the fact that the higher education you have the higher income one may get, and the better education one may get the more likely the individual may have a good job with great security which helps to provide financially for their families. The less education they have the less they can earn, the more stressful the job can be, and the less job security they have in order to provide for their families. Also, the more education you have the more educated you become about living a healthier life style. For example, eating healthier by getting good nutrients and a having a good diet is smart, but in order to live this kind of life style one must be able to afford it which does not allowed everyone in the United States to have this opportunity. Kaplan states, On this view, we c an understand why controlling for the SES and education reduces the health disparities between blacks and white Americans but does not eliminate them. Because black Americans are also systematically disadvantaged with respect SES and education and because SES and education are associated with health outcomes in the United States. Another determent that also brings a problem to health inequality and disparity is the environment one lives in. The environment we live in plays a big role on the kind of diseases we get and develop. Plus, the area one lives plays a big part in the kind of health care one receives. For example, one living in a rural area may not have access to a hospital, or the right doctor they may need to help them give them the right attention they need to live a healthier life style. An additional thing that plays a role on the kind of health we get from the environment could be the kind of water one has access to. The kind of water people in rural areas may use may have things in it that are not healthy for one to drink and may cause different kinds of stomach viruses or stomach problems. The kind of food individuals get in the grocery store maybe not be as healthy as the ones individuals from urban areas may get. Some food may contain more fat and carbohydrates, than the ones they have in the grocery store in urban American cities nationwide. According to McElory and Townsend, That changes in components of their model (e.g. new subsistence patterns) can cause in balances in the other components ( e.g. new subsistence strategies can lead to exposure to new risk ), and a very severe imbalance to generate stress and disease. As the above quote points out, health inequality and disparity can be a big part of the kind of environment one lives in. After selecting this topic I wanted to personally drive through the urban and rural areas of Fort Wayne and compare the differences. Hartley mentions, Traditional concerns as to access to primary and hospital continue to dominate rural health policy. As I drove through town I observed a few things. One observation was that there were barely any hospitals in the rural area. I found a couple of clinics but all the major hospitals, and big health facilities were located in the urban areas. In my opinion, this is a huge disadvantage for someone living in a rural area in Fort Wayne. Another thing I observed during my drive was that there are far more liquor stores located down south. For example, you can drive down a block and you can see three or four liquor stores by the time I was done driving through the block. In contrast, up in the urban areas there are liquor stores but not as many as the ones I came across while in the rural areas. Another thing I also noticed while I was doing my observation was that the urban areas are well taken care of. The streets are clean, buildings were properly done, and roads were done properly with no dirt on the streets. Yet in the rural areas the opposite was true. There were several buildings that were left unfinished; roads were not as clean, housing areas were not as properly done as the ones done in urban areas in Fort Wayne. These are several inequalities I observed on my own. It was a firsthand experience, and I was very shocked to find out that such things are going on i n our on back yard here in Fort Wayne. I believe that in order for us to address this problem as a nation we must first focus in our own cities and towns and then work our way up. Individuals in rural areas have been accustomed to receive unfair health care attention that people that live urban areas in the United States are used to recieving. As mentioned earlier in my paper this not only a problem in the United States but a problem that is effecting millions of other continents around the world. Joyce and Bambra state that, Despite overall improvements in health outcomes since the second world war, health inequalities between the best and worst of society are persistent in developed nations and in some in some instances are continue to widen As a community how can we address health inequality and disparity in our communities to help this stigma get away? Studies have definitely shown that they are minor improvements that have taken place over the years, but never the less, as a community we have a lot of work to be done. Hartley mentions, Recent trends in rural health research and policy suggests that effective policy interventions must be based on differences among rural regions. When arguing for progressive rhetoric for rural American, rickets noted that Urban-Rural comparisons. One of the first things I think we need to do as a community is first try to improve our rural areas. The next step I believe we should do as a country is have a universal health care program in place where everyone will be able to have insurance for every citizen in the United States. In making health insurance accessible to every one in the United States any person will be able to receive the health care they need. An additional thing we as a community need to do in order to address health inequality and disparity is to have more hospitals in the rural areas and not just in the urban areas. We need to have hospitals and clinics more accessible to them. So if they need to see the doctor they do not need to make a fifteen to twenty minute drive they can have it right in their neighborhood. I firmly believe education is the key to removing health inequality and disparity from our communities. The better we educate individuals that are of a different race, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity, the more adequate a person knows about how to live a healthy life style and eat properly. We need to get them to exercise more in order to live healthier, and also educate them about the effects of smoking cigarettes and what it causes. For example, have health fair programs that will tell them how smoking can cause lung cancer, and many other chronic diseases, and also better educate them how drugs and sharing needles can affect ones life style and cause many diseases such as HIV-which is a very serious epidemic that is killing millions of people in our world today. Also having different organizations that are pro-health that would go into the different rural communities and talk and mentor individuals on what they can do to live a good and healthier life would be a great asset in educating individuals. Another way for us to draw the gap when it comes to health and inequality is to create more jobs for individuals, so that they will be able to work and support their families. In doing this it will give them something to stress less about, which in turn will help individuals to be stress free. As mentioned earlier in my paper, stress causes a lot of health issues which can lead to different cardiovascular heart problems, effect once growth, diabetes, and hypertension which are all various disease one can get from living a healthier life style. So hopefully creating more jobs in rural communities may be able to create a less stressful life for individuals. Improving the environment are also ways in which we can address health disparity in our communities and country. For us to take the next step in which we can overcome health disparity and inequality is to clean up the rural areas. They should be cleaned up, they should also have access to clean water to drink, and tap water should be sterilized to certain standards to meet the States regulations. Also fountains and lakes should be monitored and kept clean, having clean water is important in other for mosquitoes and other parasites to not take over rural communities. Not having all these necessary steps taken people in rural areas may have easy access to malaria and other diseases which may greatly affect their community. Doing away with majority of the liquor stores in rural areas will also help to bring inequality to our neighborhoods, because having alcohol in rural areas in my opinion just helps to destroy the individuals in these areas. Drinking may also contribute too many other diseases that may cause premature death in one area. Another substance that we can do away with is creating awareness about drinks and get them off the streets. In getting both drugs and alcohol out of the rural areas we can only hope that we can try to get the rural areas to be almost equivalent to urban areas although one that will not be easy to do. In doing the following we can hope that health inequality and disparity in rural areas can be improved to met the standards that urban areas have. The U. S is such a wealthy nation that they should not be anything such as health inequality and disparity amongst different areas in the . From my research I do however believe that there is hope for the future. Changes are been made however, we just have to put our differences apart in other for us to reach the point where health is equal and available to everyone no matter how much income they make, the amount of education they have, or the color of the skin they should have access to it . Overall, I learned a lot of from this project I gained a lot of knowledge from it. I became aware of things that I was not previously not aware of in the past. I never looked at health as inequality and disparity; I rather looked at it from a different prospective but in doing this project it made me understand what it means when one mentions the United States health care system has inequality and disparity in its system. From doing this project I also gained passion for this topic and down the road I would like to volunteer, or be health activists, because as repeated earlier in my paper I believe health services should be offered to everyone.

Islam and Freud

Lubna Rehman Freud’s Dream Interpretation in the Light of Islamic Dream Ideas Questions about dreams, about why do we have them and what do they mean are questions that have been a subject of debate for centuries. On the one hand we have scientists who believe that we dream for  physiological  reasons alone and that dreams are essentially mental nonsense devoid of psychological meaning: â€Å"A tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. † The idea that dreams are nothing more than â€Å"meaningless biology†. On the other hand we have a coalition of Freudians which includes Dr.Fleiss who found his dream interpretations â€Å"quite accurate† and other dream analyzers who committed to the view that we dream for  psychological  reasons and that dreams always contain important information about the self or some aspects of one's life which can be extracted by various methods of interpretation. This camp says that â€Å"an uninter preted dream is like an unopened letter. † The third camp is the one occupying the middle ground, that believes both of the extreme positions on the function and meaning of dreams to be partly right and partly wrong.Its proponents such as Alfred Adler argue that dreams may have both physiological and psychological determinants, and therefore can be either meaningful or meaningless, varying greatly in terms of psychological significance. Allan Hobson was also for a psychological meaning of dreams but he thought no need to lock it under layers of secretive subconscious meanings. The fourth and another important camp about dreams in the Muslim faith. In the Qur’an, as in the Jewish Torah and the Christian New Testament, dreams serve as a vital medium by which God communicates with humans.Dreams offer divine guidance and comfort, warn people of impending danger, and offer prophetic glimpses of the future, offer a valuable source of wisdom, understanding, and inspiration. Sa tan also plays a major role in dreams by bestowing dreams that cause grief or even purely sexual dreams (unlike Freud’s sexual ‘interpretation’) which requires the dreamer to take a bath. Trying to cover up the cultural chasm between Islamic and Western traditions, this paper is an attempt to highlight and contrast the Islamic and Freudian ideas of dream interpretation.The simple fact is that all humans dream, and thus dreaming itself is a bridging phenomenon between the two traditions. Freud thought that the function of dreams was to allow the release of repressed thoughts and impulses which cause excitation in neural activity. The only way that the wish could be subdued is by the release of the â€Å"nervous energy† that was caused by it. Also, Freud noted that â€Å"though the number of symbols is large, the number of subjects symbolized is not large. In dreams those pertaining to sexual life are the overwhelming majority†¦They represent the most primitive ideas and interests imaginable. † Therefore, the same â€Å"dream symbol† meant that they both had the same repressed wish. | Part of what made people skeptical about Freudian theories is this notion of universal dream symbolism. That is, if two people have the same visual imagery in a dream, is it the case that it has the same meaning? Some scientists dismiss the notion of  meaning  all together. | Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, two Harvard University scientists stressed that the motivating force for dreaming is not  psychological  but  physiological.Muslims on the other hand have been paying close attention to their dreams for nearly 1500 years, and their insights and observations have many significant points of contact with the theories developed by Western psychologists over the past 150 years. With the very definition of who the Islamic interpreters of dreams are, Muslims can discard the very existence of Freud’s ideas. Sunnah says tha t the interpreters of dreams are either Prophets or their followers. Or else, they have to be good, pious and knowledgeable people who know the Quran, the sunnah, Arabic language and the culture and tradition of the people.Like Islam, even though Freud did look at the content, significance, purpose, the person, his people, state, job and livelihood; Freud limited his growth when he theorized that personality is developed by the person’s childhood experiences. He was always sure about his disbelief in religion. He actually envisaged that as the masses of people become further educated, they would ‘turn away’ from the ‘fairy tales of religion. ’   Carl Jung, a contemporary of Freud took an exception.He wrote, â€Å"Freud has unfortunately overlooked the fact that man has never yet been able singlehanded to hold his own against the powers of darkness — that is, of the unconscious. Man has always stood in need of the spiritual help which each i ndividual’s own religion held out to him. † Jung agrees with Freud that dreams may look backward to past experiences, but he argues that dreams also look forward to anticipate what the dreamer's future developments may be . Jung did not mean that dreams predict the future, only that dreams can suggest what might happen, what possibilities the future might hold.Hence, Carl Jung, a totally opposite pole of Freud and a non-deliberate support to Islam, believes in the â€Å"religious man† unlike to Freud who believed in the â€Å"psychological man†. Freud’s perception of dreams seems so much influenced by secularism and so he seems to approach dreams from a materialistic point of view. To him, unlike Islam, dreams represent purely material meanings and the characteristics of dream life are a disconnected activity of separated organs or groups of cells in a sleeping mind. Freud took dreams to be like phobias and obsessions.He classified dreams into wishf ul thinking, being aggressive or sexual and considered most of the symbols that appear in dreams to be sexual which represent the male or female sexual organs. As can be seen in the book â€Å"Interpretation of Dreams†, all kind of playing, slipping, breaking branches etc were all symbols of masturbation according to him and breaking of teeth was something symbolic to castration. He observed that these symbols are â€Å"a sort of substitute for the thought process, full of meaning and emotion†. Where he interprets a lock and key to be a sexual act, the Hadith interprets it to be a symbol of wealth, power and authority.Where he thinks of a knot to be another sexual act, a knot according to Islamic dream interpretation symbolizes grief. Unfastening of the knot symbolizes a freedom from grief. So, even though one can agree with him that these symbols carry a lot of meanings but one can also disagree with him on the kind of the meaning that they carry. It is not always tru e that all the dream symbols would carry the same message of aggressiveness and sexuality. Looking at our normal life and the dreams that we get from time to time it is not true that all of them fall under these categories as Freud claims.Some dreams reveal more important messages to an individual or to society. Logically speaking, human beings are different and so they think differently, therefore, even their dreams, which may be representing another world of creation, must be of different kinds and each dream by necessity must have a different message that it carries. Therefore, Freud’s allegation that most dreams are sexual is not acceptable. Nevertheless, his division of dreams into simple and complex is acceptable. Islam’s disagreement with him lies in, among other things, the way he describes the simple dreams, which he called â€Å"wish ulfillments category†. In his words he elaborated this category by saying â€Å"these are connected with day time life. The wishes, which are fulfilled in them, are carried over from daytime and as a rule from the day before, and in waking life they have been accompanied by intense emotion†. It is also not true that all the simple dreams are carried over from daytime and it therefore follows that not all of them are wish fulfillments of a dreamer. Furthermore, his rule of such dreams coming from the day preceding the dream is also not true to all the dreams of this kind.An example to illustrate this will be of a dream analyst who was sent to Africa on a government mission. He confirmed that as much as he wished in his trip to East Africa to have a dream on Africans, he was not successful in the period of some months he spent with them. In Islam dreams are taken to be of great significance. They are not merely a matter of wild recollections of one’s activities in his alertness that may resurface to someone in his sleep; rather they are a form of connection of the soul in its spirituality with the other unseen world.This can be easily observed in our daily activities or even in something as least-considered as clothes which do have spiritual connotations. For example a woman wearing silk clothes in her dream implies her getting married, acquiring wealth or even a ceremony of some forthcoming mourning. This clearly proves how dreams, as against Freud’s theory, do have religious and not just materialistic links. In Surah Al-Ana’m, the Holy Quran says, â€Å"He is the One who takes up your souls at night, and knows what you earned during the day, then raises you from it (sleep), so as to complete the time fixed (for you to live)†.Surah Al-Zumr says, â€Å"God captures the souls at the time of death as well as those whose time has not yet arrived, in sleep. Then He keeps back those whose death has been decreed and sends back for an appointed time, the others†. Hence, in disagreement with Freud, Islam sees a complete connection with God while dreaming. Where in Islam the dream is related to the truthfulness of the dreamer, Freud’s theory proves it to be the preceding day’s affair; where Freud believed dreams to only gratify unconscious desires and longings, Islam showcases them as a glimpse into the future, a hint or sometimes even a warning.Being irreligious, and especially a non-Muslim, Freud did very little for the dream-theory propounded by different religions. Though his â€Å"Interpretation of Dreams† presents an unprejudiced and almost unerring analysis of dreams, it includes only a few types of dreams. It gives us a mixture of different kinds of fallacious dreams while totally ignores the veracious dreams because veracious dreams have almost nothing to do with one’s psyche; and were, therefore, totally unknown to psychologists like Freud.Also, since the future is more important than the past of a dreamer, he would definitely prefer Islamic Hermeneutics in order to know about his future . Where Freudian Hermeneutics is the product of the researches/studies of one individual, in the Western context, in the ‘Modern’ post-Renaissance period; Islamic Hermeneutics represents a divinely revealed system incorporating the entire structure of human existence in this world and the next, which is in itself detailed, complete and traditionally active since many centuries in various parts of the Islamic world.

Amazon’s Competitive Analysis Essay

Competitors are the firms that compete to serve the same customers in the same marketplace. Competitors can compete directly or indirectly. Competition happens on two levels: Product or service competition. Due to the shift of focus for Amazon, it has become the â€Å"Earth’s biggest anything store†. Its competitors have expanded from just online book retailers Barnes and Nobles and Borders to top audio retailers CDNOW.com and online auction house e-bay.com. Amazon has an overall lead of 40% market share against the other online retail firms. Their international business has more than doubled over the past 2 years Amazon’s primary value chain includes purchasing/sourcing, marketing, distribution and after-sales services, which includes returns and exchanges from unsatisfied customers. Their main focus is in the purchasing/sourcing and in the distribution of the products to the consumers. Their investments are therefore, geared towards warehouses in key points of high consumer demand areas and an efficient delivery and distributing system to service all its consumers. Thus, Amazon controls most of its distributing system that spans across borders. How does Amazon compete? Competes through Quality, service, and low price. How effective is each? Quality – they make sure that their product reach the customer with no damage and always serve their customer with the best product. Service – Amazon delivers the product within a week. Less lead time Low price – reasonable pricing. How powerful? Amazon is power because they were the first to start an online business. They have more customers due to this. The customers are loyal to Amazon and will do their shopping only at Amazon. Amazon is very profitable and is doing well currently. How aggressive? Amazon.com has remained on top of the online retailing business despite the entrance of giants such as Barnes and Nobles and Borders. Their success is attributed to two factors; timing and continuing to invest heavily into the inventory and distribution systems. Amazon, by being the first of its kind, has a big lead over the nearest competitors due to their experience and its reputation as the first movers. Their thrust remains on improving efficient delivery systems across borders and to build name recognition as the number one retailing firm in the Internet. They have also ventured into different retail options to keep that lead. Marketing, Innovative inventory and distribution systems, and name recall have helped Amazon build a sustainable competitive advantage. Will diversification into new markets finally turn a profit for Amazon.com before the dotcom godfather burns through the last of its savings? In five years Amazon.com has built the world’s biggest online store. However, despite generating expected $1bn ( £0.67bn) sales from the Christmas retail season alone, profit has proved elusive. Despite its profligate sales, business-to-consumer e-commerce’s pre-eminent player is not expected to enter the black until year-end, according to financial analysts’ most-optimistic forecasts. Meanwhile, a cost-intensive diversification strategy casts doubt on the prospect of the company ever turning a profit, according to a growing chorus of company-watchers. In order for any online retail company to remain prosperous and income generating, they must invest a lot of time and money into research and development of more efficient operations and distributions systems. This proved to be key for the Market Leader in online retailing, Amazon.Com. Conclusion – Many Amazon-watchers believe diversification will saddle the company with an unsustainable cost burden. â€Å"There is an incompatibility between its brand proposition of offering a dominant breadth of assortment and achieving profitability,† b. While the threat from dotcom upstarts has receded with their reduced ability to raise funds on the investment market, the challenge from bricks and mortar retailers adding online stores is getting fiercer. As well as wielding generous Internet war chests from established profitability, physical retailers will benefit from a maturation of the online market. The lunched of Amazon.com in July of 1995 was the creation of a new and bold way of doing business on the Internet. Amazon.com forced the traditional physical world brick and mortar retailer in the book industry to change the way they target the industry’s consumers and then epitomized Business-2-Consumer e-retailing. Although, Amazon.com started as an online bookstore, The bricks and clicks mantra revolves around the idea that the winning — and profitable — formula for electronic commerce success is leveraging the best of the physical and virtual worlds. In theory, it should give physical retailers venturing on to the Web an edge over pure dot-com e-commerce companies because they can efficiently extend their existing infrastructure and complement their real world stores. So far, the most successful retailers have been those that have taken an aggressive approach to the Internet like Amazon. The bricks-and-clicks model is gaining momentum as the e-commerce market matures. A growing number of retailers have finally gotten serious about doing business on-line, now that fast-moving dot-com players such as Amazon.com Inc., eBay Inc. and eToys Inc. have carved out market niches. By creating an independent on-line unit that has the freedom to develop its own merchandising and marketing strategies, Amazon has the freedom and flexibility to capitalize on opportunities. Toys â€Å"R† Us Inc. stumbled when  it decided to protect its stores and offer only a limited selection of merchandise on its Web site. That gave eToys and Amazon.com a window of opportunity to win customer loyalty and rapidly grow sales, while Toys â€Å"R† Us struggled to play catch-up. The Market is moving toward a system where it is no longer going to be only Internet or only bricks and mortar,† he says. â€Å"Amazon’s mandate is not focused on where the business was, but rather where the opportunities are.† Another model is being pursued by Peachtree Network Inc., which is creating an on-line grocery network across Canada. Rather than spend heavily to build warehouses and purchase delivery trucks, Peachtree offers a service to regional grocery chains that lets them provide consumers with an on-line ordering system. The grocers, which already have the infrastructure, process the orders and handle delivery. Amazon.com has parlayed its Internet expertise to compete very successfully against traditional â€Å"bricks & mortar† book retailers such as Barnes & Noble, and Borders; Price line has leveraged its e-commerce patents and business model to challenge the incumbent travel agent industry. Thus, the pure Internet plays are very well-positioned to leverage the Internet to overwhelm their incumbent competitors who are locked into their â€Å"bricks & mortar† channels. However this is not necessarily true for all industries. If an incumbent can update its business model and supporting organizational infrastructure, it can successfully leverage the Internet just as effectively. Companies that exist to engage in commerce in the Internet’s digital marketplaces are known as digital players. For example, Amazon.com exists as a digital player that uses digital processes to transact physical products such as books, and videotapes. By using the Internet as its sole marketing and support channel, Amazon.com has been able to avoid heavy â€Å"bricks and mortar† investments that weigh upon its physical competitors such as Barnes and Noble, and Borders. Incumbent competitors are beginning to establish their own websites so that they can continue to serve their clients who are already on the Internet, and also to serve new market segments. However the pure digital players, if they do not already have brand-recognition or are not affiliated with existing brand names, often have to invest significantly  in marketing and other promotional expenditures to gain consumer awareness. Market Entrants Leverage Disruptive Innovations Since market entrants by definition do not have established business models and distribution channels  with the related cost structures, they can exploit the strategic flexibility provided by disruptive innovations to devise business models and strategies to compete successfully in the emerging marketplace. Unlike the incumbents who have to work within the constraints of their existing business models, organizational structures, and cultures, these entrants can craft their business strategies based upon the unique enabling opportunities provided by the disruptive innovations.